How is "deviance" defined in sociology?

In sociology, "deviance" is defined as behaviors or actions that violate social norms. This concept is crucial because social norms are the unwritten rules or expectations that govern behavior within a society. Deviant behavior, while often viewed negatively, is essential for the functioning of society as it highlights the boundaries of acceptable behavior and can promote social change.

Deviance encompasses a wide range of actions, from minor infractions, such as jaywalking, to more serious violations, such as criminal acts. It is important to note that what is considered deviant can vary greatly between different cultures and social contexts, meaning that an act deemed deviant in one setting may be perfectly acceptable in another. This variability underscores the social construction of norms and the fluid nature of deviance.

The other options do not accurately reflect the definition of deviance. Actions that conform to social norms are the opposite of deviance, while behaviors that promote social order typically align with societal expectations rather than violate them. Acts of kindness are generally viewed as positive contributions to a community and do not represent deviance. Thus, the focus on actions that violate social norms captures the essence of deviance in sociological terms.