What is a social movement?

A social movement is best defined as a collective effort to promote or resist social change. This definition encompasses the organized and sustained activities undertaken by a group of individuals who share common goals and motivations, aiming to effect significant changes in society. Social movements are characterized by their broader scope, typically involving the participation of many individuals or groups united by a common purpose, such as advocating for civil rights, environmental protection, or social justice.

The emphasis on collective action distinguishes social movements from efforts by individuals or smaller groups. For example, while a single individual's advocacy for a cause represents personal activism, it does not embody the larger and more organized structure inherent in social movements. Similarly, a temporary organization formed specifically for protest may lack the sustained effort and larger societal goals that characterize true social movements, which often persist over time and aim for lasting change. Additionally, a formal political party action typically operates within established political structures and processes rather than being a grassroots movement aiming to bring about social transformation.